Programmed cell death as a therapeutic target in cancer and diabetic nephropathy

Cell death is an essential process for homeostasis and defense against external threats. Its main forms—apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and PANoptosis—have been shown to play a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases such as cancer and diabetic nephropathy. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed between January 2022 and May 2025, using keywords related to apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, PANoptosis, immunogenicity, cancer, and diabetic nephropathy. Review articles and original articles with access to the full abstract, published in English and Spanish, were included. Eleven articles were selected, ranging from the basic molecular mechanisms of MCP to their clinical and therapeutic implications. The findings highlight the role of DAMPs and ubiquitination as regulators of immunogenicity and cellular signaling. In cancer, necroptosis and PANoptosis emerge as immunogenic pathways capable of enhancing immunotherapy. Additionally, small-molecule compounds and natural plant derivatives with the ability to modulate apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy were identified. 
In diabetic nephropathy, the combination of apoptosis, necroptosis, and insufficient autophagy accounts for much of the progressive kidney damage. Taken together, targeted modulation of the MCP represents a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer and diabetic nephropathy, opening up new opportunities to improve clinical efficacy and patients’ quality of life.