Assessment of physicochemical, minerals and microbiological qualities of borehole and well water: A case study of Akure Metropolis, Nigeria

Groundwater constitutes a substantial reservoir of fresh water utilized for agricultural irrigation and drinking, emphasizing the critical importance of safeguarding its availability and quality. Contamination of groundwater can arise from chemical, physical, or microbiological sources, each contributing to various health-related issues. In the region of FUTA Southgate, Southwest Nigeria, an assessment was conducted on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of groundwater from hand-dug wells and boreholes to ascertain its suitability for human consumption. The analysis indicated that parameters such as BOD, DO TS, TH, and nitrate content were within the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDQ). However, the presence of heavy metals like Fe, Cu, Cr, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Zn was detected using an atomic absorption spectrometer, revealing a slight level of contamination in both water sources. Furthermore, microbiological examination identified Total Coliform Counts of 382 cfu and 159 cfu in hand-dug wells and boreholes, respectively, indicating fecal contamination. The findings suggest that inadequate sewage systems and improper waste disposal practices contribute to the compromised water quality and elevated nitrate levels in hand-dug wells, rendering the shallow aquifer groundwater unsafe for drinking purposes across all evaluated parameters. Consequently, appropriate treatment and disinfection measures are imperative before utilizing the contaminated borehole and groundwater wells for human consumption or industrial purposes.