A comprehensive review about the relationship between sodium and insulin resistance

Sodium plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle function. However, its impact on insulin resistance has garnered significant attention in recent research. Elevated sodium intake has been linked to metabolic dysfunction, contributing to the development of insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. High sodium levels may influence insulin signaling pathways, promote oxidative stress, and exacerbate inflammation, thereby impairing glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. Additionally, excessive sodium consumption is associated with increased blood pressure, which further aggravates metabolic disturbances. Conversely, studies suggest that sodium restriction may improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. This abstract highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the sodium-insulin resistance connection and the importance of dietary sodium regulation in metabolic health.