Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in primary care: A comprehensive review

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant global health challenge, with increasing prevalence and a high burden of associated morbidity and mortality. Early detection and management of CKD are essential in preventing its progression to end-stage renal disease, which often requires dialysis or transplantation. Primary care settings play a pivotal role in the early identification and management of CKD, given their accessibility and the opportunity for preventative care. This article aims to identify and review the key risk factors for CKD in primary care populations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using data from peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and epidemiological studies, with a focus on demographic, medical, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors. The review highlights hypertension, diabetes, obesity, family history, and ethnicity as major contributors to CKD risk. Additionally, modifiable factors such as diet, smoking, and physical inactivity are emphasized. The findings underscore the importance of regular screening and early intervention in primary care to mitigate CKD progression. Primary care practitioners must prioritize CKD risk assessment, raise awareness about preventive strategies, and manage comorbidities effectively. Addressing these risk factors at the primary care level could significantly reduce the overall burden of CKD, improve patient outcomes, and alleviate healthcare costs. Public health strategies must focus on promoting early detection and equitable access to care for at-risk populations.