Evaluation the pharmaceutical residue risks in Tigris River in Wasit Governorate, Iraq

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the risks associated with pharmaceutical residues in the surface water of the Tigris River located in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq. This research provided a comprehensive analysis encompassing physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters of the surface water along the Tigris River during the study period from October 2023 to July 2024. The findings included minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviation values for each parameter assessed. Given the critical issue of pharmaceutical contamination in the aquatic environment of the Tigris River, a total of 17 different pharmaceuticals were identified in the surface water of the Wasit Governorate, Iraq. The pharmaceuticals classified as high risk (HQ ≥ 1.0) include acetaminophen (an analgesic), caffeine (a stimulant), ibuprofen, clofibric acid, sulfachloropyridazine, thiabendazole, hydrochlorothiazide, paraxanthine, and paroxetine. Given their considerable ecological risk, these pharmaceuticals warrant an in-depth evaluation. This process should involve continuous monitoring of their levels in surface water, a careful assessment of the risks posed to aquatic organisms (addressing both chronic and acute toxicity), and the investigation of potential removal strategies from surface water, as well as sustainable management practices.