Women's empowerment in Bangladesh's RMG and Textile Sector: A comprehensive review of determinants and challenges

Women's empowerment in Bangladesh has been extensively discussed in relation to education, employment, political participation, and national development. The ready-made garment (RMG) and textile sectors employ millions of women and have been central to Bangladesh's economic transformation. However, employment alone does not guarantee empowerment. This paper conducts a systematic review of existing literature to identify the key determinants of women's empowerment among female RMG and textile workers in Bangladesh. Drawing on evidence from academic studies, policy reports, and development organization publications, the paper examines the roles of workplace safety, skill development, income control, decision-making agency, family support, digital literacy, and legal frameworks in shaping empowerment outcomes. The review finds that while RMG employment has provided economic opportunities, women workers continue to face significant barriers including unsafe working conditions, gender-based violence, limited income control, weak workplace voice, and restrictive social norms. The paper concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, factory management, and development organizations to strengthen women's empowerment in Bangladesh's textile and RMG industries.